Role Reversal of Rural Black Grandparents in South Africa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper explores the changing role of grandparents in rural Black families in pre and post-apartheid South Africa since the legacy of apartheid has resulted in some unique employment and family formation patterns in both urban and rural Black communities. The draconian apartheid laws, particularly the Group Areas Act, forced Black people to live far away from the city and men had to migrate far away from rural families in order to work in the cities. As a result, men’s inability to meet their obligations as breadwinners affected their interactions with their families, in particular, their children. Post-apartheid South Africa is also marked by the increased female labor migration from rural areas to small towns and cities to look for employment. Their children are left behind in the grandmothers’ care who then assumes the task of child rearing. The literature also indicates that it is common for Black children in rural areas to have regular, and sometimes, intensive daily contact with adults who are not their parents. Patterns of caregiving within families and between generations are being challenged and reconfigured by the HIV epidemic. The literature indicates that in South Africa, those living with HIV/AIDS are under the age of 50 years. Younger generation that is supposed to be providing care for elderly people (particularly grandmothers) are no more longer able to do so due to their own HIV/AIDS related illness, and 60% of orphans in South Africa live in grandparent-headed households. As a result, many older people have taken on the role of sole caregiver to the younger generations due to HIV/AIDS deaths among young adults. Therefore, Black grandmothers play a pivotal role in child rearing and parenting support, yet there is very little literature available on the role of rural grandparents in black families in raising their grandchildren. Black grandmothers’ involvement in child care is related to parents’ need for help. Grandmother care-giving is very crucial particularly when the well-being of children is in jeopardy, families have low-incomes and limited resources, and parents are experiencing social problems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".