The Role of Microemulsion and Shut-in on Well Performance: From Field Scale to Laboratory Scale
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We analyzed flowback and post-flowback production data from a horizontal well in the Montney Formation, which was fractured with water containing a microemulsion additive. This well was shut-in for 7 months after 5 months of post-flowback production. Oil and gas rates were significantly increased after the shut-in (700% increase), suggesting a reduction in matrix-fracture damage. We performed imbibition oil-recovery tests to evaluate the imbibition of the ME solution into the oil-saturated core plugs. The results show that the microemulsion solution can spontaneously imbibe into the oil-saturated core plugs leading to the final oil recovery factor of 24% of the original oil in place, compared with the tap water case with only 2% oil recovery factor. Combined analyses of the field and laboratory results suggest that imbibition of the fracturing water containing the ME solution during the extended shut-in period leads to 1) reduction of water blockage near the fracture face and 2) counter-current production of oil. These two effects can explain the enhanced production rate of oil and gas after the shut-in period.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".