A virus‐induced gene‐silencing system for functional genetics in a betalainic species, <i>Amaranthus tricolor</i> (Amaranthaceae)
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Premise of the Study Research in Amaranthaceae could be accelerated by developing methods for targeted gene silencing. Most amaranths, including Amaranthus tricolor , produce betalains. However, the physiological and ecological roles of these pigments are uncertain. We sought to establish a virus‐induced gene‐silencing ( VIGS ) method for amaranths, using silencing of betalain pigments as a proof‐of‐principle. Methods We targeted Atri CYP 76 AD 1 , a putative cytochrome P450 component of the betalain biosynthetic pathway, using VIGS , and compared two different methods of introducing the VIGS construct into plants. We measured transcript abundance and concentrations of betalains and their l ‐ DOPA precursor in VIGS ‐treated plants, and compared these to controls. Results We observed that when Atri CYP 76 AD 1 was targeted by VIGS in normally red plants, Atri CYP 76 AD 1 and the related genes Atri CYP 76 AD 6 and Atri CYP 76 AD 5 had diminished transcript abundance. Furthermore, newly emergent petioles and leaves of VIGS ‐treated plants appeared green, betacyanin accumulation was strongly reduced, and l ‐ DOPA accumulation was increased. No betaxanthin could be detected in this variety of A. tricolor , either before or after VIGS treatment. Discussion These results help to establish the genetic basis of betalain synthesis in amaranths. Furthermore, this is the first report of VIGS in amaranths and demonstrates the potential of this technique for basic and applied research in these species.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it