HBV and HDV Seroprevalence among Healthy People Admitted for Hepatitis B Vaccination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: An estimated 350 million persons worldwide are chronically infected with Hepatitis B virus (HBV). These are at increased risk of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B and co- existing Hepatitis D and to investigate the pattern of lab parameters among patients positive for hepatitis B and/or D. Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional prospective study conducted from 2009 to 2014 in Lyari General Hospital Karachi Pakistan. A total of 10270 patients were registered in the liver clinic from June 2009 to December 2014 for hepatitis B vaccination. All patients who had visited the Liver clinic of Lyari General Hospital for hepatitis B vaccination were first screened for hepatitis B, and D viruses by HBsAg, and Anti HDV antibodies and anti HCV by ELISA method. Patients who had HBsAg negative were then vaccinated. If HBsAg was found to be positive the patients have been underwent through further tests for the confirmation of hepatitis B and D (Hepatitis B Virus DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg), hepatitis Be antibody (HBeAb), and if anti HDV positive then HDV RNA PCR was performed). Patients found to have a positive HBVDNA PCR with positive or negative HBeAg were treated. Patients with positive HBeAb were seroconverted. Patients with a positive anti HDV antibody underwent an HDVRNA PCR and if positive were treated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0). Results: A total of 10270 patients were registered in the liver clinic. Overall 206 (2%) were found to be HBV positive, in which 26.2% had Hepatitis D co-infection. More than half (57.3%) were male and 70.4% were married with the mean age of 33.2 ± 10.9 years. About one-fourth of the total were HbeAg positive (25.2%) and hepatitis D antibody positive (26.2%), while 21% had HDV PCR positive and 6.3% had hepatitis C antibody positive. The mean hemoglobin was 12.2, white cell count 6052.3, viral load of HBV DNA was 44100856.97, SGPT was 63.47, albumin was 4.24 and mean INR was 1.09. Conclusion: Prevalence of Hepatitis B infection was 2% and Hepatitis D infection was present in 26.2% of hepatitis B infected patients. Giriş: Dünya genelinde 350 milyon kişinin Hepatit B virüsü (HBV) ile kronik olarak enfekte olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Bu kişier karaciğer sirozo ve hepatoselüler karsinom gelişimi riski altındadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Hepatit B ve ko-enfeksiyon olarak Hepatit D virusunun prevelansını saptamak ve Hepatit B ve/ya Hepatit D pozitif hastalar arasında laboratuvar parametrelerinin örüntülerini inceleyebilmektir. Yöntem: Bu gözlemsel tanımlayıcı-kesitsel prospektif çalışma, 2009-2014 yılları arasında Lyari Genel Hastanesi, Karaçi, Pakistan’da yapıldı. Haziran 2009’dan Aralık 2014’e kadar toplam 10270 hasta karaciğer polikliniği’ne hepatit B aşılaması için kaydolmuştur. Lyari Genel Hastanesi’nde Karaciğer kliniğine hepatit B aşılaması için başvuran hastaların hepsi ilk gelişlerinde ELISA yöntemiyle hepatit B ve D virusleri için HBsAg, Anti HDV antikorları ve anti HCV için tarandılar. HBsAg negatif olan hastalar aşılandı. Eğer HBsAg pozitif bulgulandıysa hastalara hepatit B ve D doğrulaması için ileri testler yapıldı ( Hepatit B virus DNA polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR), hepatit B e-antijeni (HbeAb) ve eğer anti HDV pozitif ise HDV RNA PCR uygulandı). Pozitif HBVDNA PCR sonucu ile pozitif ya da negatif HbeAg sonucu olan hastalar tedavi edildi. İstatiksel yöntem olarak SPSS kullanıldı (IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0). Bulgular: Karaciğr kliniğine toplamda 10270 hasta kaydoldu. Bunlardan 206’sı (%2) HBV pozitif olarak bulgulandı ki %26.2’de Hepatit D ko-enfeksiyonu vardı. Yarısından fazlası (%57.3) erkekti ve %70.4’ü evliydi, yaş ortlaması ise 33.2 ± 10.9 yıldı. Bütünün dörte birinde HBsAg pozitif (%25.2) ve hepatit D antikoru pozitif (%26.2) iken %21 HDV pozitif ve %6.3 hepatit C antikoru pozitifti. Ortalama hemoglobin değeri 12.2, beyaz küre sayısı 6052.3, HBV DNA’nın viral yükü 44100856.97, SGPT 63.47, albumin 4.24 ve ortalama INR 1.09 idi. Sonuç: Hepatit B enfeksiyonu prevelansı %2’dir ve Hepatit D ise hepatit B ile enfekte hastaların %26.2’sinde bulunmaktadır.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".