An Experimental Evaluation of Fixed and Fluidized Beds of Zeolite 13X for the Application of Compact Thermal Energy Storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For thermal energy storage technologies based on physical adsorption to become a commercially viable option in the future, particular advancements in the research and development of the system's components are required to complement existing research in advanced materials.To investigate the application of fluidization as a solid-gas contacting method for low-temperature thermochemical energy storage, a bench-scale adsorption-based TES system was designed, constructed, instrumented, and commissioned.In demonstrating this technology, the objective of this research was to obtain thermodynamic data for the adsorption of water vapour onto zeolite 13X under fluidization to evaluate fluidized beds as potential reactor or adsorber designs.Multiple adsorption experiments were performed on samples of an 8x12 and 60x65 mesh zeolite 13X molecular sieve, comparing the effects of air flow rate and concentration of water vapour on the breakthrough and temperature lift on the energy density of fixed and fluidized adsorbent beds.Variation of the air flow rate from 10 to 30 L/min had little effect vii 4.2 Illustration of MTZ Concept in a fixed adsorbent bed. . . . . . . . . . .4.3 Mass transfer zone of fixed and fluidized bed with flow rate. . . . . . . .4.4 Mass of water adsorbed by the fixed and fluidized beds . . . . . . . . . .4.5 Heat released by 25 g of zeolite 13X in the fixed and fluidized beds. . . .4.6 The storage capacity and energy density of the fixed and fluidized beds. .4.7 Concentration breakthrough of the outlet for the fixed and fluidized bed for 30 -70% RH at inlet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.8 Outlet temperature lift of the fixed and fluidized bed. . . . . . . . . . . .4.9 Rate of heat and specific power discharged by the fixed and fluidized beds.4.10 Cumulative energy released by the fixed and fluidized beds. . . . . . . . .4.11 The system temperatures and outlet relative humidity for a typical regeneration run. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.12 The average temperature lift and discharge rate of cycled fixed and fluidized beds during adsorption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.13 The average energy released per cycle and cycle energy densities. . . . . .4.14 Average absolute pressure of the column for regeneration under partial vacuum and atmospheric conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.15 Outlet temperatures and relative humidity of adsorption column for regeneration under partial vacuum and atmospheric conditions. . . . . . . .4.16 Temperature lift and energy released for regeneration under partial vacuum and atmospheric conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.17 The total storage mass and volume of zeolite required based on annual heating load and a floor area of 100 m 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.18 Adsorbent bed volume of the fixed and fluidized bed, based on a floor area of 100 m 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".