DEVELOPMENT OF SCALING CRITERIA FOR WATERFLOODING AND IMMISCIBLE CO2 FLOODING IN TIGHT FORMATIONS
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experimental studies on secondary and tertiary recovery processes in tight oil formations require a set of scaling criteria to scale them up to field dimension for either optimizing field production or designing displacement experiments. In this study, scaling criteria have been developed and validated to evaluate performance of waterflooding and immiscible CO2 flooding in tight formations by performing three-dimensional (3D) sandpacked displacements. Experimentally, waterflooding and immiscible CO2 flooding processes have been conducted with the 3D physical model, respectively. Continuous CO2 flooding results in a relatively low oil recovery with 33.8% of original-oil-in-place after 1.20 pore volume of CO2 injection. Theoretically, mathematical formulas have been developed for the corresponding processes on the basis of dimensional and inspectional analyses. Mass transfer from CO2 to oil by dissolution and diffusion has been considered in the inspectional analysis; for relaxation of the scaling criteria, gravitational force, viscous force, and dispersion and diffusion have been considered critical factors. The moderate water and CO2 injection rates (i.e., 2.0 cm3/min and 200.0 cm3/min for water and CO2, respectively) are ensured to result in a transverse diffusion-dominated flow, further simplifying the scaling group. The relaxed scaling group has been subsequently validated with the experimental measurements. Capillary force and geometric factors are found to be negligible when scaling up the 3D physical model to the prototype. There exists a reasonably good agreement between laboratory measurements and simulation results of a field production. By using the validated scaling criteria, displacement experiments in the 3D physical model can be properly designed to simulate waterflooding and immiscible CO2 injection in a targeted tight formation so as to design and optimize the field-scale exploitation processes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it