Diversity of CTX-M-positive Escherichia coli recovered from animals in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Historically, extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in bacteria from animals in Canada has been attributed to the SHV and CMY β-lactamase families. This pattern is beginning to change with the emergence of the bla CTX-M gene family among Escherichia coli recovered from various animal species. Here we analyze and compare whole genome sequences of bla CTX-M -positive E. coli isolates (n = 173) from dogs, chicken, swine, horses and beef cattle in Canada. Ten bla CTX-M variants were identified with bla CTX-M-1,-14, -15, -27 and bla CTX-M-55 being identified in most animal species. These variants occurred across many sequence types, suggesting that mobile genetic elements mediate the spread of bla CTX-M . The variants bla CTX-M-14, -15, -27 and bla CTX-M-55 are associated with the global spread of bla CTX-M in human clinical isolates and their presence could be indicative of transfer between humans and animals. These variants were also the principal variants identified among sequence type 131 isolates, which were not associated with any other species than dogs. These isolates carried the same bla CTX-M variants as E. coli isolates found in humans. Close contact may promote the transmission of these isolates between humans and companion animals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".