The Effect of Climate and Altitude Variability on Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background/Aim: In 2015, a total of 10.4 million tuberculosis (TB) cases and 1.4 million associated deaths have been estimated to have occurred. Studies have suggested that changing climatic factors and altitude determine the geographical limits of TB. We undertook a systematic review of evidence for an association between meteorological factors and the risk of morbidity, drug-resistant (DR-TB) and death due to TB. Methods: A systematic review of the literature on the effect of climate and altitude on TB was performed using MOOSE guidelines. Electronic searches were undertaken from PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus. A quality score using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for cross-sectional studies was attributed to assessing the strength of evidence on the association between climate and altitude and TB. A meta-analysis was performed on the association between altitude and TB morbidity. Results: We identified 17 studies, including two articles on DR-TB, one article on death due to TB and 14 articles on TB morbidity. These studies found changing climate and altitude were positively and/or negatively associated with the occurrence of TB morbidity, DR-TB and death. Conclusions: This review provides evidence for an association between TB morbidity and altitude and/or climate factors. TB control programs need to consider these factors in their strategies. However, there is limited evidence for the association between these factors and DR-TB and death from TB. More research is needed to estimate the contribution of these factors on TB infection, morbidity, drug-resistant and death and inform TB control strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".