Phase of electroencephalography theta oscillation during stimulus encoding affects accuracy of memory recall
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oscillatory activity is a ubiquitous property of brain signals, and yet relatively few studies have investigated how the phase of such ongoing oscillations affects our cognition. One of the main findings in this field is that the phase of electroencephalography (EEG) in the alpha band can affect perception of milliseconds-long stimuli. However, the importance of the phase of EEG for processing more naturalistic stimuli, which have a much longer duration, is still not clear. To address this question here, we presented word-nonword pairs, each of which was visible for 5 s and measured the effect of EEG phase during stimulus onset on later memory recall. The task consisted of an encoding (learning) phase in which 20 novel word-nonword pairs were presented, followed by a test phase in which participants were shown one of the seen words with four target nonwords to choose from. We found that memory recall performance was higher when the words during encoding were presented at a descending phase of the theta oscillation. This effect was the strongest in the frontal cortex. These results suggest that the phase of ongoing cortical activity can affect memorization of seconds-long stimuli that are an integral part of many daily tasks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".