Bibliographic record
Abstract
This year’s selection of papers is a mixed bunch that I thought would appeal to a wide audience. I deliberately chose papers to encourage as many as possible to read them. The broad theme is environment and sustainability. We have a duty to limit gas flaring as much as practicable to limit emissions and conserve fuel. A little-known effect of excessive flaring is addressed in the first paper. It’s a common saying that oil and water don’t mix. Well, the truth is that sometimes they do. The food-processing industry spends a lot of time mixing oils and water that they sell us as food. However, in this industry, our problem is often finding ways to separate oil and water. No two sets of oil and water are the same, and the second paper looks at experiences in a Saudi Arabian field. As our supply of high-quality light sweet crude oil is depleted, we start to produce the heavier sour grades of crude oil around the world. One of the problems with these fields is disposal of the large quantities of elemental sulfur that are recovered during the processing. Until now, it has often been stockpiled with, in my view, huge safety and environmental risks. Our third paper presents some novel means to dispose of this sulfur. Our final paper deals with the end time for a production facility. Whether onshore or offshore, the production and processing facilities must be removed in accordance with local regulations. This task is clearly more difficult offshore, and this paper explains how it was handled offshore California. I hope that you enjoy reading them as much as I enjoyed choosing them. Available from the SPE eLibrary: www.spe.org SPE 93653 “ExxonMobil’s Advanced Gas-to-Liquids Technology—AGC-21,” by R.A. Fiato, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co., et al. SPE 93817 “Restoring Integrity to Aged Petroleum Production Facilities,” by S.W. Ciaraldi, BP Indonesia, et al. SPE 96403 “Turning a North Sea Oil Giant Into a Gas Field—Depressurization of the Statfjord Field,” by R. Boge, SPE, Statoil, et al. SPE 96504 “Canopy Bridges Along a Rainforest Pipeline in Ecuador,” by M. Thurber, SPE, Walsh, et al.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.413 | 0.369 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".