POPULATION IMPACT OF CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCTS EXPOSURE ON INTRA-UTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION OCCURENCE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Aims: Chlorination By-Products (CBPs) exposure during pregnancy has been associated with intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR). The objective of this study was to estimate the potential population attributable risk of CBPs in comparison to that of well proved causal factor, e.g. maternal smoking. Methods: We conducted a population based case-control study in the Quebec City (Canada) metropolitan area. Five hundred and sixty seven term newborns with birthweight <10th percentile (small-for - gestational age- SGA) were compared with 1911 term controls with birthweight ≥ 10th percentile. The quality of drinking water serving the mother residences was monitored regularly for trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) during the study. A phone interview of the mother was completed within three months after childbirth to evaluate maternal lifestyles, water consumption and risk factors for IUGR. Adjusted Odds Ratios (OR) of SGA according to different levels of CBPs were evaluated by means of an unconditional logistic regression with control of all potential confounders. Population attributable risk (PAR) was calculated using OR as an estimation of RR and the proportion of exposed among controls. Results: The adjusted OR of SGA for a concentration of total THMs>80µg/l or the five main HAAs>60µg/l at the tap, during last trimester of pregnancy, was 1.30 (95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 1.03-1.65). The proportion of controls exposed to high levels of CBPs was 19.4% and the corresponding PAR for such CBPs exposure was estimated at 5.5%. In comparison, the OR of maternal smoking during the last pregnancy trimester was 2.07 (95%CI:1.56-2.74). The proportion of controls exposed to tobacco smoke was 9.8% and the corresponding PAR for maternal smoking was estimated at 9.6%. Conclusions: If the relationship between CBPs exposure and SGA is causal, its impact on the occurrence of IUGR in this population would be non-negligible but lower that of maternal smoking.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".