The Efficacy of Combining Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser With Verapamil Hydrochloride or 5-Fluorouracil in the Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Clinical and Immunohistochemical Study
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ablative fractional laser-assisted therapy is increasingly used to facilitate drug delivery and intensify clinical efficacy of topically applied drugs. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of combined ablative fractional CO2 laser and topically applied 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or verapamil hydrochloride in the treatment of hypertrophic scars (HTSs) and keloids and to examine their possible effects on TGF-β1 expression. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with HTSs and keloids were randomly treated with combined CO2 laser followed by topical verapamil or 5-FU application or CO2 laser monotherapy. All patients received 4 treatments at 1-month intervals. Subjective and objective assessment was obtained using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS). Histological changes and immunohistochemical staining for TGF-β1 were performed. RESULTS: Compared with baseline, there was a significant reduction in the VSS 1 month after the last treatment session in all groups (p < .05). Laser-assisted 5-FU delivery tended to show a higher extent of improvement in scar characteristics than laser-assisted verapamil hydrochloride delivery, without significance. No significant side effects were reported in all patient groups. TGF-β1 expression was significantly decreased after laser sessions. CONCLUSION: Combined fractional CO2 laser and topical 5-FU or verapamil hydrochloride offer a safe therapy for HTSs and keloids.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it