Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vasco Da Gama`s fleet dropped anchor at the port of Calicut on 20 may 1498. It was Venice that came firstly to know this alarming news. The opening of a new route to India, land of spices, appears of the greatest importance to Venice since venetian prosperity depended on levantine spice trade. Until recently, many historians debate whether the Portuguese reduced the levantine spice trade to permanent insignificance. This article aims to make a good synthesis of the historiography of the rise and fall of levantine spice trade in the sixteenth century after the Portuguese opened their new route to India. In the first place, it is generally accepted that levantine spice trade reduced considerably in the first quarter of the sixteenth century. And then, levantine spice trade began to revive. That revival is not only quantitatively but also qualitatively attested by divers texts such as commercial documents, official records, diary, and so on. In the 1570s levantine spice trade a gain suffered from the revival of the portuguese indian spice trade. But this crisis was of a short-term fluctuation in the general economic situation. Finally, the Portuguese could not succeed in establishing a permanent monopoly in the import to Europe of oriental spices in the sixteenth century, conceding to new comers to India, Netherlands and England that gave a final blow to the levantine spice trade in the seventeenth century.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.126 | 0.019 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".