Cultural Reproduction and Resistance at the Rinks: Roller-Skating and the Americanization of California, 1867–90
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In the contemporary sporting world, California is an incubator of lifestyle (or alternative) sports. In large part responsible for the popularization of beach volleyball, skateboarding, snowboarding, and BMX, California has been on the frontlines of the modern sporting revolution since the early twentieth century. Before this process of Californization could fully take hold, however, the state experienced an era of Americanization, with various practices and ideas flowing from east to west in the cultural baggage of American settlers. After the Mexican—American War and the subsequent Gold Rush, a roller-skating craze swept westward. An understudied and trivialized topic in sport history, roller-skating in California ushered in socially dominant white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant (WASP) ideals of gender, race, and leisure, proving a powerful tool in the Americanization of the preannexation Indigenous and Mexican populations. Using the writings of Raymond Williams, George Rudé, and R. W. Connell on hegemony, this article demonstrates the cultural significance of roller-skating in the Americanization of California in the 1870s and 1880s in terms of gender, race, and class.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".