Effects of Citrate on the Rates and Mechanisms of Phosphate Adsorption and Desorption on a Calcareous Soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Core Ideas Citrate and Ca influence the P sorption in calcareous soil. Labile Ca influences the citrate‐enhanced P desorption. The soil P reactions obey the pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. P sorption in calcareous soil is Ca‐concentration dependent. Adsorption at the soil–water interface is a fundamental chemical process that often controls the retention of compounds in soils. The rates of adsorption therefore have a vital role in the fate and transport of phosphate in the soil environment. In this study, the effects of a range of organic acid (citrate) levels and soil Ca levels on phosphate (PO 4 3− ) adsorption and desorption were investigated in detail through a combination of laboratory (miscible displacement kinetics) and synchrotron‐based X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. A pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model was applied to the data that provided good fits for the entire datasets (both adsorption and desorption) with a single set of equations. In general, it was observed that citrate directly competed for adsorption sites in soils with reduced levels of Ca but in soils high in labile Ca, citrate was not competitive in desorbing P. The most likely explanation for this is that citrate instead chelates with Ca to form soluble complexes when an excess of Ca is present.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".