Effects of inbreeding depression on seed production in Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Like other outcrossing species, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is thought to carry a “genetic load” of deleterious recessive alleles. When these alleles occur as homozygotes in inbred progeny, their expression can give rise to “inbreeding depression”. Although this phenomenon has been studied in several conifer species through selfing, few studies have quantified inbreeding depression in crosses with lower levels of relatedness between parents. We report here on the generation of a set of F3 study materials in Scots pine in which 142 families arose from a mating design among 49 F2 parents, representing nine levels of expected inbreeding coefficients between 0.0 and 0.5, and repeated over two consecutive seasons. Whereas the numbers of extractable seeds were unaffected by inbreeding, the proportion with fully developed embryos was strongly affected. This was expressed as inbreeding depression in the yield of full seeds per cone but not in their mean mass. Levels of germination of these full seeds were affected by inbreeding, but the depression was rather small and only weakly significant. The roles of pollen competition and polyembryony in mitigating the impact of inbreeding depression are discussed. The materials have been outplanted for future assessment of inbreeding depression on growth and survival.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".