Ionic Liquid-Enhanced Solvent Extraction for Oil Recovery from Oily Sludge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Emim][BF4]), was investigated for its effectiveness on enhancing oil recovery from hazardous crude oil tank bottom sludge using a solvent. A range of solvent (cyclohexane)/sludge ratio (2–8 mL/g), shaking speed (100–400 rpm), extraction duration (10–120 min), and IL/sludge ratio (0.25–1.0 mL/g) were examined. The addition of IL (i.e., 1 mL/g of IL/sludge ratio) increased total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) recovery by 9.4% (from 84.4 ± 2.4 to 93.8 ± 2.3% at the solvent/sludge ratio of 8 mL/g). An orthogonal experimental design was subsequently applied to optimize extraction conditions. The use of IL (i.e., 0.1 mL/g of IL/sludge ratio) with the solvent yielded higher TPH recovery (above 95%) at shorter extraction duration (10 min), lower solvent/sludge ratio (4:5 mL/g), and lower energy consumption (100 rpm). The recovered oil had similar calorific value but a higher F3 fraction compared with crude oil. The results suggested that the IL-enhanced solvent extraction with lower solvent consumption is an effective approach for oily sludge treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".