Feeding and postruminal infusion of calcium gluconate to lactating dairy cows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gluconic acid was proposed as a prebiotic for nonruminants; however, a ruminant application is undescribed. The first experiment was a 5 × 5 Latin square with five test doses of calcium gluconate (CaG) at 0, 5, 17, 32, and 46 g d−1. Treatments were infused into the abomasum of lactating dairy cows for 28 d and milk was collected on days 26, 27, and 28. The second experiment was a crossover where cows (N = 30) were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) with (0.2% of dry matter) and without CaG for 28 d. Milk (days 26, 27, and 28) and blood (day 28) were collected from all cows and rumen fluid (day 28) from a subset of six rumen-cannulated cows. Infusion of CaG into the abomasum increased milk fat yield and decreased dry matter intake resulting in improved feed efficiency. In contrast, cows fed CaG in the TMR had decreased milk yield and milk protein and lactose yields compared with control. In the subset of rumen-cannulated cows, the proportion of butyric acid was decreased and acetic acid increased relative to total volatile fatty acid in cows fed CaG. These findings suggest that CaG utilization may be different in the rumen and lower gastrointestinal tract.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".