Ultra‐wideband printed ridge gap waveguide hybrid directional coupler for millimetre wave applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The evolution of a wireless communication system to the fifth generation is accompanied by a huge improvement in the performance of the communication system through providing high data rate with a better coverage area. Hence, 5G technology requires access to millimetre wavebands where more spectra are available for high‐speed applications. This technological progress motivates the research community to develop the essential microwave components, specially couplers, through the use of state of the art guiding structure such as printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW). In this study, the design of ultra‐wideband 3‐dB planar quadrature hybrid coupler based on PRGW technology is proposed. A systematic design procedure for the proposed coupler is presented and illustrated. The proposed directional coupler is fabricated and measured, where the measured results show good agreement. The presented coupler covers over 26% bandwidth centred at 30 GHz. The presented coupler has a measured wide impedance bandwidth of a 26.5% centred at 30 GHz based on −10 dB threshold. The phase difference between output ports is over 23% relative bandwidth. On the other hand, the total bandwidth is limited by the amplitude imbalance, which has a bandwidth of 13% for ± 0.75 dB variation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".