Saturation and its effect on the resilient modulus of a pavement formation material
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports the effects of changing degree of saturation on the stiffness of a typical railway formation material. Material dynamically compacted to a target dry density over a range of water contents was cyclically loaded in triaxial and hollow cylinder apparatus. The results of both test types show the large effect of the degree of saturation on stiffness. In both the cyclic triaxial apparatus and the equivalent stress path in the cyclic hollow cylinder apparatus, the resilient modulus (M R ) increased considerably (from ∼36 MPa to ∼467 MPa) as the degree of saturation fell. M R at a water content of 7% (optimum under the 2·5 kg rammer) was approximately 1·5 times the near-saturated value (at w = 8%). M R at the driest state tested (w = 4%) was approximately 6 times that measured for the near-saturated specimen. In the hollow cylinder apparatus, these trends were seen regardless of whether principal stress rotation was applied. The increase in M R associated with decreasing water content is thought to result from an increase in matric suction. Increased scatter in M R at higher suction may be the result of a more variable distribution of water within drier specimens. Comparison of suction stresses derived from the soil water retention curve with values back-calculated from cyclic triaxial testing suggests that useful estimates of railway formation resilient modulus, M R , may be made on the basis of measurements of matric suction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".