Effects of Cement Kiln Dust on pH and Phosphorus Concentrations in an Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Cement kiln dust (CKD), the waste dust generated from a Portland cement kiln, was evaluated for its ability to increase the pH of acidic processed effluent in activated sludge wastewater treatment. Effluent samples were obtained from Corner Brook Pulp and Paper in Newfoundland, which currently uses NaOH as a pH buffer in its treatment system. Three separate effluent samples were tested. On average, 12.8 mL of a CKD neutralizing solution (0.4625 g CKD/L distilled water) raised the pH of 100 mL of effluent from pH 6.4—7.0 to pH 8.0. There was no significant problem with excess sedimentation at pH 8.0 and 9.0. However, there was a significant decrease in soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP-P) concentrations, probably through precipitation of calcium phosphate, resulting in a mean loss of 84.7 µg SRP-P per litre of CKD-treated effluent. The use of CKD as a neutralizing agent may be economically feasible, since the costs of adding increased phosphorus as nutrient were less than the costs associated with adding NaOH. Further experimentation needs to be done to determine the efficacy of CKD on a larger scale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".