Impact of trivalent ions on the stability and cohesion of calcium polyphosphate coacervates for embolization applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Polyphosphates (PPs) are of interest as temporary in situ setting embolic agents for which cohesive characteristics are vital. Trivalent ions Al 3+ and Ga 3+ were substituted into calcium PP up to 10 mol % for two PP chain lengths (degree of polymerization, D p 200 and 9000) and the effect on the dissolution rate of the resulting coacervate was examined. High levels of trivalent ions were found to increase the dissolution rate, especially with aluminum (Al) where the coacervate with the greatest Al content (10 mol %) and larger D p completely dissolved within the first few hours in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffered saline. Conversely, small amounts of trivalent ions slowed the dissolution rate of the coacervates compared to those containing calcium only. The coacervate compositions determined to have the fastest and slowest ion release were evaluated for cohesion upon injection into a simulated blood vessel using a dual lumen needle. PPs with lower trivalent content had a higher coacervate yield overall, with 5% Ga and D p 200 yielding the smallest proportion of coacervate particulates that could be implicated in unwanted distal embolization. However, further studies are required to evaluate the formation and duration of occlusions in vivo so that the PP composition can best be tailored to meet clinical requirements. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B:2638–2648, 2019.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".