Seismic Retrofit Design of a 110-Year-Old Railway Bridge Founded on Liquefiable Soils Using Large Diameter Driven Piles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A seismic retrofit design was carried out for an existing 110-year old railway bridge crossing a wide river. The existing foundations that have performed acceptably under static conditions, are founded on potentially liquefiable soils. A retrofit strategy was developed using large diameter driven pipe piles to transfer the bridge loads to non-liquefiable strata. The retrofit design is required to withstand a 475-year return period earthquake. A suite of 15 spectrally matched ground motions were developed based on the contribution to the uniform hazard response spectra (UHRS). The equivalent linear ground response analysis and simplified liquefaction assessment showed that the sand layer liquefies during the earthquake and the foundation soils undergo lateral spreading. The preliminary design of the retrofit piles was carried out based on the soil-pile interaction to lateral loads using a beam configuration with nonlinear lateral load transfer curves in the software LPile. Nonlinear seismic deformation analyses were performed using the finite difference program FLAC and effective stress based constitutive soil model UBCSAND during the detailed design. The extent of liquefaction estimated using the simplified liquefaction assessment was validated with the FLAC deformation analysis. Based on the FLAC simulation, the overall riverbed flattens during the seismic event, and the retrofit pile heads undergo a horizontal displacement of up to 0.5 m. The results of the FLAC analysis verified the preliminary LPile predictions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".