Bibliographic record
Abstract
This dissertation consists of three essays that address selected topics on the governance of Brazil, Chile, and Argentina.The first two papers cover specific aspects of the role of business groups and their relation to individual and state investors.The third paper considers the relationship between the legislative oversight of the bureaucracy and electoral and party systems across Brazil and Argentina.The first essay introduces business groups and their role in economic development.Business groups consist of a set of legally independent firms bound together by equity and social ties and usually organized in the form of a pyramid with a controlling shareholder at the apex.The controlling shareholder is often a wealthy family that owns large blocks of shares and controls the decisions over all the firms of the group.The collective value of the group is far beyond the actual wealth of the family.This concentration of ownership and control contrasts with the usual American corporation wherein ownership is diffuse and control is in the hands of managers.A significant part of the literature supports the thesis that business groups are more prevalent in countries with lower levels of investor protection.According to this view, weak legal support for the rights of individual investors is conducive to better economic returns for business groups.More generally, it is often claimed that the evolution of business groups is tied to the nature of investor protection.The objective of this paper is to verify whether the evolution of investor protection is a good candidate for explaining the evolution of business groups in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina between 1990 and 2003.The three countries belong to a region where business groups are predominant and investor protection is amongst the weakest in the world.However, this paper concludes that investor protection, the usual suspect, does not explain the evolution of business groups in Proxy by mail Shares not blocked Representation Pre-emptive rights Oppressed minority % Capital to call meetings No No Yes
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".