HIV infection and cerebral small vessel disease are independently associated with brain atrophy and cognitive impairment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate whether cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is more common in virologically suppressed HIV-positive participants compared with HIV-negative controls and examine the potential synergistic effects of HIV and CSVD on brain structure and cognition. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of 119 treated, virologically suppressed HIV-positive and 55 HIV-negative participants. Forty-six HIV-positive and 30 HIV-negative participants had follow-up 2 years later. All participants underwent MRI and neuropsychological testing. METHODS: Volume of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) was used as a surrogate measure of CSVD severity. Tensor-based morphometry and cortical modeling estimated brain volumes and cortical thickness, respectively. Rasch measurement theory was applied to neuropsychological test scores to estimate overall cognition. Linear models compared WMH loads, brain volumes, and cognition between groups; evaluated the association of WMH loads with brain volumes and cognition; and tested the interaction between HIV and WMH loads on brain volumes and cognition. Mixed-effects models compared the change in WMH loads between groups. RESULTS: WMH loads and change in WMH loads were similar between the groups. HIV-positive participants had poorer cognition, thinner cortex and reduced subcortical volumes compared with HIV-negative controls. Higher WMH loads were associated with reduced cortical thickness and subcortical volumes and worse cognition, regardless of HIV serostatus. No significant interactions were observed between HIV and WMH loads with regards to brain volumes or cognition. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the contributions of HIV and CSVD on brain atrophy and cognitive impairment are independent but additive processes. This argues that optimizing vascular health may mitigate brain injury and cognitive decline, especially in treated, virologically suppressed HIV-positive individuals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".