Insomnia in Adolescents with Slow Recovery from Concussion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sleep disruption can occur after brain injury; however, insomnia prevalence and severity in adolescents with persistent post-concussion symptoms have not been investigated. This study examined: 1) some of the psychometric properties of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), 2) the prevalence and severity of insomnia symptoms, and 3) associations between insomnia symptoms and clinical measures of post-concussion symptoms, mental health symptoms, and cognitive tests in adolescents with slow recovery from concussion. Participants (N = 121) were adolescents 13–18 years of age (mean = 16.2; standard deviation [SD] = 1.2) and, on average, of 6.4 months (SD = 3.8) post-concussion. This sample rated insomnia (ISI), post-concussion symptoms, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and cognitive complaints, as well as completed cognitive testing. The ISI demonstrated good internal consistency (alpha = 0.87) and a single factor structure. The majority of the sample endorsed at least some insomnia, with 62% being over the clinical cutoff for experiencing clinically significant symptoms of insomnia. Higher insomnia severity was associated with a greater number of previous concussions, worse post-concussion symptoms, more anxiety, and higher depression. Insomnia was significantly associated with more cognitive complaints and higher rates of failure on performance validity tests, but not with actual objectively measured cognitive abilities. Insomnia is common in adolescents with slow recovery from concussion and is associated with worse post-concussion symptoms, anxiety, depression, cognitive complaints, and performance validity concerns. Investigating evidence-based treatments for insomnia should be a priority in this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".