Kinetics of nonisothermal reduction and carburization of WO<sub>3</sub>─NiO nano‐composite powders by CO─CO<sub>2</sub>
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The kinetics of simultaneous reduction and carburization of WO 3 ─NiO nanocomposite powders by CO/CO 2 was studied using a nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis. The experiments were carried out at heating rates between 5 and 15°C/min, showing that the thermochemical processes can be divided into four steps, each dominated by a reaction, as following: NiO → Ni, WO 3 → WO 2 , WO 2 → W, and W → WC. The apparent activation energy for each step was obtained based on the Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa isoconversional method for the individual steps, and the kinetic model was assessed by fitting master plots of various kinetic models for these steps at different heating rates. The Avrami‐Erofeev kinetic model was found to fit to the third and fourth steps and main part of the first, and the geometric contracting model fitted the best for the second step. Changing the heating rate did not affect the master plots of the third step. However, for the first step, increasing the heating rate made the Avrami‐Erofeev model the best‐fitting correlation and also for the second step the matching model changed at the highest heating rate (15°C/min) from a two‐dimensional contracting model (cylindrical particles) to a three‐dimensional contracting model (spherical particles).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it