Norfloxacin, a Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic, Inhibits Langerhans Cell-Mediated Th1 and Th2 Cell Development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: It is widely acknowledged that Langerhans cells (LCs) play a primary role in the polarization of T helper type 1 (Th1) or T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses. Our aim was to find fluoroquinolone ("new quinolone") antibiotics that would inhibit LC-mediated Th2 cell development. METHODS: Expression of LC surface molecules was investigated using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The effects of fluoroquinolone antibiotics on T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein (TIM)-4 expression in LCs were examined to predict whether they would inhibit Th2 cell development. Mice were primed via the hind footpad with ovalbumin (OVA) peptide-pulsed LCs that had been treated with a selected fluoroquinolone antibiotic, then 5 days later the cytokine response in popliteal lymph nodes was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Norfloxacin was selected as a candidate inhibitor of Th2 cell development. As expected, OVA peptide-pulsed LCs that had been treated with norfloxacin and injected into the hind footpads of mice inhibited Th2 cell development, as represented by down-regulation of interleukin (IL)-4 production, as well as Th1 cell development, as represented by down-regulation of interferon (IFN)- g production. This additional inhibition of Th1 cell development was accompanied by suppression of CD40 expression in LCs. In addition, Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from skin lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) were more susceptible to norfloxacin than to gentamicin. Topical treatment with norfloxacin significantly suppressed the increase in the skin severity score in NC/Nga mice with AD-like skin lesions. This suppressive effect was associated with a decrease in the production of IFN-g and IL-4 in auricular lymph node cells. CONCLUSIONS: The present results show that topical application of norfloxacin inhibits the development of AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. This suggests that topical application of norfloxacin to AD lesions colonized with S. aureus would act on both superficial S. aureus and epidermal LCs, thus possibly inhibiting the development of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo, and controlling the severity of AD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".