Influence of Feeding Temperature of Biofuels on Agricultural Engine Performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The search for alternative energy sources to reduce the use of diesel in the national energy matrix has been studied in a gradual way, with partial insertions of biodiesel to diesel. Parameters such as viscosity change when biodiesel is added to diesel, as this factor directly influences the atomization of the fuel. This paper aimed to evaluate the behavior of renewable biofuels in a 61 hp agricultural engine, by means of dynamometric tests, operating with mixtures of type A diesel S500 and biodiesel, including an analysis of pure diesel (0% biodiesel) and diesel blend with 20% biodiesel, heated with a system before the injection pump, at temperatures of 45 °C, 65 °C, and 85 °C. The highest values were maximum torque of 208.7 N m, maximum power of 55.3 KW, and specific consumption of 236.9 g KW h-1 at 45 °C. The viscosities of the mixtures were also determined using the 40 °C test temperature, as suggested by ASTM D 445, followed by the ANP, as well as temperatures studied, and the cSt values of the blends at 65 °C and 85 °C were below the minimum limit established by ANP.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".