Induced Seismicity Driven by Fluid Diffusion Revealed by a Near‐Field Hydraulic Stimulation Monitoring Array in the Montney Basin, British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study presents observations using new data from a deployment of eight broadband seismometers surrounding a horizontal well pad at distances of ~1–3 km for the period before, during, and after a hydraulic fracturing treatment in the Montney Basin, British Columbia, Canada. We use a multistation‐matched filter detection and double‐difference earthquake relocation to develop a catalog of 350 events associated with hydraulic fracturing stimulation, with magnitudes ranging from −2.8 to 1.8 and estimated catalog completeness of approximately −0.2. The seismicity distribution suggests a statistically significant association with injection, and event migration can be described by a hydraulic diffusivity of ~0.2 m 2 /s. A comparison between daily seismicity rate and analytical stress evolution inferred from daily injection volumes implies that pore pressure diffusion largely controls earthquake nucleation at distances less than 1 km, whereas poroelastic stress transfer likely dominates at intermediate distances of ~1–4 km at time scales shorter than diffusion. Both mechanisms likely have a limited effect on stress perturbation at distances over 5 km.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".