First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
Why is this work in the frame?
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Full frame distilled prediction
Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
- Candidate categories
- none
- Consensus categories
- none
- Domain
- Candidate signal: noneConsensus signal: none
- Study design
- Candidate signal: Bench or experimentalConsensus signal: none
- Genre
- Candidate signal: EmpiricalConsensus signal: Empirical
- Teacher disagreement score
- 0.845
- Threshold uncertainty score
- 0.578
- Validation status
machine_predicted_unvalidated·codex-gemma-dda1882f352a
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
- Teacher spread
- 0.206 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
- Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline· verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it
Abstract
Abstract The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of ∼1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution ( λ / D ) is ∼25 μ as, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letter we describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64 gigabit s −1 , exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in 2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
The record
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters
- Topic
- Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Field
- Physics and Astronomy
- Canadian institutions
- Western UniversityCanadian Institute for Theoretical AstrophysicsCanadian Institute for Advanced ResearchUniversity of TorontoPerimeter InstituteUniversity of Waterloo
- Funders
- Los Alamos National LaboratoryOffice of Polar ProgramsComisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y TecnológicaJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceChina Scholarship CouncilJohn Templeton FoundationMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyMinisterio de Economía y CompetitividadEuropean Southern ObservatoryNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaNational Nuclear Security AdministrationInstitut Périmètre de physique théoriqueRecruitment Program of Global ExpertsKorea Astronomy and Space Science InstituteMinistero dello Sviluppo EconomicoMax-Planck-GesellschaftCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueNational Research Foundation of KoreaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoGeneralitat ValencianaNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekInstituto de Astrofísica de AndalucíaChinese Academy of SciencesAcademia SinicaToray Science FoundationNational Research FoundationStrongHarvard UniversityInnovation, Science and Economic Development CanadaNational Astronomical Observatory of JapanAssociated UniversitiesDirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaUniversity of ChicagoVetenskapsrådetInternational Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular MicrobiologySmithsonian InstitutionU.S. Department of EnergyLeverhulme TrustEuropean CommissionNational Radio Astronomy ObservatoryUniversity of ArizonaMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyNational Institutes of Natural SciencesGovernment of CanadaNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareDepartment of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, IndiaRussian Science FoundationMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y UniversidadesGordon and Betty Moore FoundationCompute CanadaNational Science Foundation
- Keywords
- Very-long-baseline interferometryPhysicsEvent horizonTelescopeHydrogen maserSupermassive black holeMillimeterInstrumentation (computer programming)Angular resolution (graph drawing)MaserEvent (particle physics)AstronomyRemote sensingAstrophysicsComputer scienceGeologyGalaxy
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes