Multiple lineages of <i>FRUITFULL</i> exhibit dynamic patterns of gene evolution after genome triplication in the Brassiceae tribe (Brassicaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses of important development genes are necessary to identify trends in sequence divergence and gene retention/loss that underlie diversification after polyploidization. We investigated the evolution of FRUITFULL (FUL) in the tribe Brassiceae (Brassicaceae), where a recent genome triplication allows investigation into the fate of paralogs. Many Brassiceae members possess a unique fruit type exhibiting segmentation and variable dehiscence called heteroarthrocarpy, providing a case study to compare with FUL’s evolution, as a single copy is known to control fruit dehiscence in Arabidopsis. We constructed a phylogeny containing all major species lineages to investigate the number of retained FUL paralogs, trends in selective pressure and intron evolution, and their relationship to heteroarthrocarpy. We recovered four well-supported lineages that likely correspond to three FUL copies from hexaploidization. Rates of selection varied across lineages and comparatively relaxed selection was associated with fruit indehiscence. However, stabilizing selection predominated all lineages, indicating that paralogs retain functionality. Longer introns were correlated with relaxed selection on exons and, on average, heteroarthrocarpic taxa had longer introns and retained different FUL paralogs than nonheteroarthrocarpic taxa, although correlations were complex. The dynamic pattern of FUL evolution invites investigation into the role of upstream regulators in the dehiscence of heteroarthrocarpic fruits.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".