Early warning: detection of exotic coho salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>) by environmental DNA and evidence of establishment at the extreme south of Patagonia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The global expansion of aquaculture is a constant propagule pressure that enables the establishment of exotic species in freshwater and marine environments. Here, we provide the first report on the presence of exotic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) at the extreme south of Patagonia, in the island of Tierra del Fuego (TDF). During the last 6 years, 43 juvenile coho salmon were captured along the Beagle Channel, while one adult was captured in fresh water. Scale analysis showed that migration from fresh water as smolt would occur during their first winter of life. Mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed two haplotypes previously reported in North America and a new haplotype not reported before. We developed an environmental DNA assay for detecting coho salmon DNA from fresh water, obtaining positive results in three rivers. Additionally, one of these rivers was monitored monthly for a year, and we detected coho salmon DNA over 7 months, revealing the probable occurrence of coho salmon juveniles in fresh water. These results suggest the potential establishment of self-sustaining populations of coho salmon in TDF.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".