Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of silver and zinc co-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticle for photodegradation of methyl orange dye in aqueous solution
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, TiO 2 nanocrystals, 1 mol% Ag-doped TiO 2 , and 1 mol% Ag and 0.6 mol% Zn co-doped TiO 2 powders were synthesized by the sol–gel route. Their photocatalytic activities on methyl orange dye under visible irradiation were investigated. The powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD results revealed the presence of a rutile phase with an average crystallite size of 9 and 11 nm. The UV–vis spectra showed a red-shift towards a longer wavelength with the corresponding decrease in band gap from 2.9 to 2.5 eV. The BET surface areas of the nanoparticles ranged from 4.7 to 11.8 m 2 g −1 with an average pore size between 18.9 and 56.6 nm. The Ag-doped TiO 2 has the largest surface area of 11.8 m 2 g −1 , whereas the Ag–Zn co-doped TiO 2 was found to have the highest pore size and volume. The absorption bands at 750–500 cm −1 were attributed to the –O–Ti–O– bond in the TiO 2 lattice. The photocatalytic efficiency was highest at an optimum pH of 4.1 for Ag–Zn co-doped TiO 2 . The results confirmed that Ag-doped and Ag–Zn co-doped TiO 2 were more effective than pure TiO 2 . The kinetic data were fitted into a pseudo first-order equation using a Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it