An international perspective on genetic structure and gene flow in Cercospora beticola populations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola Sacc., is an important disease of Beta vulgaris L. (table beet, sugar beet, and Swiss chard) worldwide. Disease impacts include reductions in commodity grading, and quantity and quality of extractable sugars from sugar beet roots. Conidia of C. beticola disperse locally by water or wind to initiate and expand disease foci in fields. Mechanisms for long distance pathogen dispersal and epidemic initiation are largely unknown. Studies of populations from Western Europe, Iran, New Zealand, Turkey, and the USA reported high levels of genetic diversity. Moreover, in some populations, equal ratios of two mating types suggests an active, and potentially mobile, teleomorph. In Europe, long distance dispersal of C. beticola is implied by evidence of high levels of gene flow between isolates across the region, resulting in a single panmictic population. Furthermore, recurrent clonal lineages shared between the USA and Europe provided evidence for intercontinental genotype flow. The genetic relationships among C. beticola isolates from nine countries (Canada (n=37), Chile (n=28), Denmark (n=9), England (n=9), Germany (n=10), Italy (n=11), Sweden (n=8), Turkey (n=7), and four states in the USA (n=1073)) were assessed using 12 microsatellite markers. This information \nwill indicate the potential movement of C. beticola between regions and has implications for global disease management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".