Effect of fuel composition on properties of particles emitted from a diesel–natural gas dual fuel engine
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effective density and mixing state of particles emitted from a natural gas–diesel dual fuel engine are investigated. Measurements were conducted at three different fuel compositions including 100% diesel fuel (0% NG), 75% diesel–25% natural gas (25% NG) and 50% diesel–50% NG (50% NG). The particle effective density was measured using a differential mobility analyzer in series with a centrifugal particle mass analyzer. A catalytic stripper at 350 °C was employed upstream of the centrifugal particle mass analyzer in order to remove the semi-volatile material from the solid particles to measure the effective density of non-volatile particles as well as the particle mixing state. A scanning mobility particle sizer was used to measure the particle size distribution. The particle mass concentration was also measured using several techniques including cavity-attenuated phase-shift particulate matter single-scattering albedo, laser-induced incandescence, thermal-optical analysis, photoacoustic spectroscopy, and integrated particle size distribution. The semi-volatile number and mass fractions are found to be lower than 15%. The effective density functions of particles at 0% and 25% NG are within 6% of each other; however, the effective density values of particles at 50% NG are lower than those of the 0% NG by up to 35%. The mass-mobility exponent varies in the range of 2.42–2.51 and 2.38–2.54 for undenuded and denuded particles, respectively. For the mass concentration measurements, photoacoustic spectroscopy agrees with thermal-optical analysis within 5%, while all the other techniques measure up to 50% deviations relative to thermal-optical analysis.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it