The effects of cyanobacterial blooms on the immune system of Elliptio complanata in urban and agricultural areas in the Yamaska River watershed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The cumulative effects of cyanobacterial blooms at sites impacted by urban or agricultural activity, could be detrimental to local freshwater mussels. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the resulting toxicity using an upstream–downstream approach at four sites in the Yamaska River. Mussels were caged and placed at a site where cyanobacterial blooms were present, a site that receives municipal effluent from a small city of 75,000 inhabitants, and a site that drains a large agricultural area—plus a reference site in Lake Saint-Pierre (Quebec, Canada) for four months spanning the summer and fall (June to October). Effects on immunocompetence were monitored by testing for hemocyte counts, viability, phagocytosis, production of nitric oxide (NO), lysozyme (LY), reactive oxygen species (ROS), thiol contents, and inflammation induced by cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. Cyanobacterial blooms occurred at the target site only, reaching levels of 2.1 million cyanobacteria/L and 3 g/L of microcystin-LR in surface waters. Although most of the immune parameters were affected at the urban, agricultural and cyanobacteria sites, ROS and LY were the most responsive to cyanobacterial bloom, with a significantly greater response than the agriculture, urban and reference sites. The results also suggest that the effects of cyanobacterial blooms are spatially localized; they are not found at the downstream urban and agriculture sites in the Yamaska River.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".