Narrative Review of Cannabidiol as an Antipsychotic and Recommendations for Legal Regulations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: This paper will review the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in regards to psychosis and schizophrenia, and its purported treatment for psychosis. Methods: A PubMed search was completed using terms: "Cannabidiol and Psychosis," for which 63 studies were found; "Cannabidiol and Schizophrenia," for which 65 studies were found; and "Cannabidiol and Psychotomimetic," for which 37 studies were found. Inclusion criteria included English-language articles published from 2000 to present (July 2016) for human studies only, leading to 7 clinical trials for review. Following this search, 2 additional papers published in 2018 were added for completeness, totaling 9 clinical trials. Results: There have been recent studies showing psychosis is secondary to the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in marijuana; more striking is that studies were found showing CBD may be protective and actually have antipsychotic properties equal in efficacy to atypical antipsychotics. THC and CBD seem to have opposite physiologic effects on endogenous anandamide levels and cannabinol receptor binding, the mechanism likely leading to CBD's antipsychotic effect. Conclusions: Early evidence shows that CBD may be a novel and viable treatment for psychosis. This may have an effect on the regulation of CBD and THC percentages in regards to the prevention of early onset schizophrenia. Introduction: Cet article passera en revue les effets du cannabidiol (CBD) en ce qui concerne la psychose et la schizophrénie, et son prétendu traitement pour la psychose. Méthodes: Une recherche PubMed a été complétée en utilisant des termes: “Cannabidiol and Psychosis”, pour lesquels 63 études ont été repérées; “Cannabidiol and Schizophrenia”, pour lequel 65 études ont été repérées; et “Cannabidiol et Psychotomimetic,” pour lequel 37 études ont été repérées. Les critères d’inclusion comprenaient des articles de langue anglaise publiés de 2000 à aujourd’hui (juillet 2016) pour les études sur les humains seulement, menant à 7 essais cliniques d’évaluation. Suite à cette recherche, deux articles supplémentaires publiés en 2018 ont été ajoutés pour l’exhaustivité, totalisant 9 essais cliniques. Résultats: Des études récentes ont démontré que la psychose est secondaire au THC dans la marijuana; Il est plus marquant de constater que des études ont montré que le CBD peut être protecteur et avoir des propriétés antipsychotiques égales en efficacité aux antipsychotiques atypiques. Le THC et le CBD semblent avoir des effets physiologiques opposés sur les taux endogènes d’anandamide et de liaison au récepteur du cannabinol, mécanisme susceptible de conduire à l’effet antipsychotique du CBD. Conclusions: Les premières données montrent que le CBD peut être un traitement nouveau et viable contre la psychose. Cela pourrait avoir un effet sur la régulation des pourcentages de CBD et de THC en ce qui concerne la prévention de la schizophrénie précoce.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".