Determinants of mortality in Pinus banksiana (Pinaceae) stands during an ice storm and its effect on stand spatial structure1
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ice storms are a major source of tree mortality in some regions of the eastern North American deciduous forest, but are rare in the boreal forest. As climate changes, ice storms are predicted to be more common in the boreal forest, creating new challenges for forest management. In 2012, an ice storm damaged Pinus banksiana (Lamb.) stands throughout southeast Manitoba, Canada. We assessed damage in a 98- and a 32-yr-old stand. In both stands, half the trees broke near the base of the crown. Trees with a deeper crown were more likely to break in the young stand and less likely to break in the old stand. In the young stand taller trees were also more likely to break. There was no relationship between tree diameter and the probability of a tree breaking in either stand. Tree mortality increased the bare area around surviving trees by 52% and 119% in the young and old stands, respectively. This resulted in a 42% increase in canopy openness in the old stand but did not alter the pattern of spatial distribution of trees. Before the storm, trees in the young stand showed a dispersed distribution, indicative of density-dependent mortality. This dispersion was lost after the storm and suggests that, along with selection of shorter trees, ice storms reorganize the structure of forests undergoing self-thinning.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it