Robert Bothwell, Your Country, My Country: A Unified History of the United States and Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We Canadians might have cause to feel slighted by the current President of the United States.Why don't we merit a wall?Our border is undoubtedly as "insecure" as that with Mexico.After all, as Robert Bothwell reminds us, Canada, like Mexico, has "since 1999 . . .been regarded as a potential source of terrorists slipping into the United States" (2).There is little aside from vast stretches of wilderness along much of the 49 th parallel, particularly in the western reaches of the continent.Anyone could walk across! 5 And indeed, in the early days of the Trump administration, scores of asylum seekers did just that, arriving in Canada in flight from Trump's crackdown on "illegal aliens" and his ban on Muslims.Since 2002, a "Safe Third Country" agreement has been in place, requiring that persons seeking refugee status must make their claims in whichever country (Canada or the US) they first arrive.With Trump's signing of Executive Order 13769, suspending the Refugee Admission Program and banning travel from select African and Mideastern countries, lawyers and refugees claimed that the US could no longer be considered safe.In the last two years, an estimated 28,000 undocumented migrants have crossed over.6 Though he hasn't yet called Canada a shithole, Trump has vented spleen repeatedly at what he considers unfair trade and tariff deal.In addition to renegotiating the North American Free Trade Act-preliminary approval of the new "United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement" was arrived at on September 30, 2018-Trump's outbursts have in many other ways caused havoc.When Canada criticized Saudi Arabia for human rights
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".