Date Rape Drugs in Las Vegas: Detection After the Fact [11I]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Date rape drugs (DRDs) are drugs which can be used to conduct drug-facilitated sexual assault. The three major drugs classified by the U.S Department of Health & Human Services misused for this purpose are Rohypnol (Flunitrazepam), Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and Ketamine. Existing studies in the literature analyze self-reported incidents in women which likely underestimate the prevalence of this problem. Our study aimed to evaluate how frequently there was clinical or criminal suspicion of DRD use prior to autopsy evaluation in a group of deceased DRD positive women. METHODS: This study was a retrospective analysis of all female decedents aged 20-55 who tested positive for Flunitrazepam, GHB and Ketamine referred to the Clark County medical examiner from 2000-2015. Medical records, police report, and autopsy findings were reviewed. All decedents underwent standard toxicology screening from whole blood toxicology analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using student t-test for continuous variables and chi-square for categorical variables. RESULTS: 23 women referred to the Clark County medical examiner tested positive for DRDs. At autopsy 6 women were positive for Rohypnol, 15 for GHB, and 2 for ketamine. After clinical, autopsy and police report review, 74% of 17/23 women had no clinical suspicion of DRD involvement at the time of death. Specifically, 83% (n=5) women had no suspicion of flunitrazepam use prior to toxicology results. CONCLUSION: Only a small minority of cases raised suspicion of DRD use upon police or clinical assessment. DRD use may be more prevalent in society than previously thought posing a significant public health threat.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".