Assessment of the Nutritional Adequacy of Complementary Foods and Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices in Sodo Zurea District, Wolayita, Southern Ethiopia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Childhood malnutrition in Ethiopia remains very prevalent and inadequate complementary food intakes and improper feeding practices remain a common problem in Ethiopian infants and young children. The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional adequacy of complementary foods and of infant and young child feeding practices in Sodo Zurea District of Wolayita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. A cross‐sectional survey design was employed to collect data from 180 mothers, selected by a stratified two‐stage cluster sampling method, who had breastfed children aged 6–23 months. Socio‐demographic status, anthropometry, breastfeeding, and the adequacy of complementary foods were determined, and complementary feeding practices and behaviors assessed by direct in‐home observations. Only 21% of infants and young children were exclusively breastfed up to 6 months of age. Prevalence of stunting was 16.7% for infants aged 6–8 months, 33.3% for infants aged 9–11 months and 50% for children 12–24 months. Energy and nutrient intakes from complementary foods were also calculated from one day in‐home weighed records. The dietary diversity score of the study participants showed that only 3.3% had dietary diversity scores greater than three food groups. Very few children (3.3%) were fed minimum acceptable diets according to the WHO recommended infant and young child feeding guidelines, and responsive feeding was not practiced. Median energy intakes and densities of micronutrients from complementary foods (except for protein) were below the WHO recommendations. In conclusion, there is a need to focus on nutrition education interventions that address the WHO guiding principles for infant and young child feeding practices in this area. Support or Funding Information Supported by Canadian International Food Security Research Fund (CIFSRF) project through the International Development Research Center (IDRC).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".