Detection and characterization of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from imported reptile and amphibian meat products
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Meat from food-producing animals play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Active surveillance programs target major agricultural animals but do not include niche food products. In the current investigation, we sought to (1) Identify bacterial pathogens from imported reptile and amphibian meat products and determine the presence of broad spectrum β-lactamase and colistin resistance genes, (2) determine the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Macrococcus caseolyticus isolated from imported meat products and (3) develop a culture medium for the selective isolation of M. caseolyticus. Fifty-three imported reptile and amphibian meat products were purchased from markets in Vancouver, BC and Saskatoon, SK. We found that 41.5% (22/53) of the products carried antimicrobial resistant bacteria with identifiable extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC β-lactamase, carbapenemase and mobile colistin resistance genes. Seventy-one isolates from 7 genera of Enterobacteriaceae were recovered (from 41 of the 53 products), with none of the Salmonella isolates resistant to any of the antimicrobials tested. One multidrug resistant E. coli, isolated from a soft shell turtle, produced the CTX-M-55 enzyme and possessed the mcr-1 gene conferring mobile colistin resistance. An NDM-1 carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter spp. was also isolated from a dried turtle carapace. Gram-positive bacteria resembling Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from imported meat samples and identified as Macrococcus caseolyticus; a commensal bacterium found from animal skin and food products. All isolates were resistant to the β-lactam class of drugs, including meropenem, and possessed the mecB gene conferring methicillin resistance. As the ecological distribution of M. caseolyticus in nature is largely unknown, we developed a selective culture medium to help facilitate targeted prevalence studies. Of the prepared selective media challenged, colistin nalidixic acid (CNA) blood agar with ampicillin 0.5µg/ml and meropenem 0.5µg/ml worked the best. This medium facilitated the growth of M. caseolyticus while inhibiting the growth of Gram-negative and most Gram-positive bacteria except for Enterococcus spp. This is the first study to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and identify ESBL, AmpC β-lactamase, carbapenemase, methicillin and colistin resistance genes from imported reptile and amphibian meat products. More research is required to evaluate the magnitude of the risk that these products have to public health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".