Effects of Propionic Acid on Social Odour in Adult Male Rats: Implications for an Animal Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurocognitive disorder characterized by sensorimotor and developmental impairments. Studies indicate that propionic acid (PPA) injections can create both behavioral abnormalities and neuroinflammatory responses in rats that are parallel to the effects of ASD. Both rats and humans bear the unique ability to discriminate others on the basis of olfactory signatures. Odours of conspecifics carry vital information such as whether an individual is safe to approach (i.e. individuals in altered physical states, individuals that carry illnesses). This ability has been demonstrated in rats using the sickness-inducing drug, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Rats treated with LPS are avoided by control animals. There is limited research exploring the relationship between social odour and PPA. The present study seeks to investigate this relationship by examining social odour preferences in rats. The sample consisted of 16 adult rats assigned randomly to one of two groups: no-injections (used for odour response testing; n = 8) or injections with one of four compounds: PPA (500 mg/kg), LPS (200 μg/kg), PBS (50 μg/kg), or NaCl (2.0mL/kg). Bedding from the injected rats provided the odour cues to be presented to non-injected rats. Results revealed that rats can distinguish the odours of other rats treated with a sickness-inducing compound (LPS), and prefer the odours of conspecifics. No significant differences in activity were detected for PPA-comparisons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".