Influence of Convergence Angle on Hollow Cone Spray Characteristics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Simplex atomizer (Pressure swirl atomizer) is widely used in liquid rocket engines and gas turbines because of its enhanced atomization characteristics. In a simplex atomizer, swirling motion is imparted to the liquid by the tangential entry of the fuel. In turn, a hollow cone fuel spray is produced from the orifice under the action of centrifugal force. Liquid properties, injection flow conditions and atomizer geometry govern the performance of an atomizer. Thus, it is very important to study the effects of these parameters, for optimizing the spray characteristics in terms of the drop sizes and spray cone angle. The swirl chamber convergence angle ( C ) is one of the most important parameters which affects the injector performance. Very few researchers have focused on this aspect. In this paper, an experimental parametric analysis is performed to investigate the effect of swirl chamber convergence angle on the performance of simplex atomizer and the characteristics of the hollow conical liquid jet exiting the nozzle. Four different simplex atomizers with varying convergence angle (30, 45, 60 and 75) are used for the experimental study. All other geometrical parameters are kept the same. The atomization behaviour which includes spray cone angle, co-efficient of discharge, Sauter mean diameter (SMD) and drop size distribution is analyzed at various radial locations by using a high-speed camera and Phase Doppler Interferometer (PDI). Experiments are carried out at different pressures ranging from 0 to 7 bar to characterize the atomizer performance at different operating conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".