Numerical study of wave attenuation by mass of rising bubbles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes a numerical study on the performance of the air bubble breakwater to attenuating wave energy using 2D CFD modelling. This numerical study gives reasonable results which illustrate CFD modelling is one of the best ways to have a good prediction of wave attenuation. Pneumatic breakwater is installed under the sea level, so it is hidden and it does not have a negative impact on shipping. Regarding the advantages of the breakwater and its good compatibility with environment and its high performance as a mobile breakwater, further study in this field is necessary. In the model, Finite volume method has been used to analyse air bubble breakwater, the continuity and momentum equations were selected as the governing equations. Shear Stress Transport (SST) k-omega turbulence model is implemented to the Reynolds Stresses in RANS equations due to the high amount of turbulence in this system. Also, interaction between water and air was analysed with the Volume of Fraction (VOF) method. Finally, according to the numerical models, the Wave attenuation depends on the wavelength and the air discharges from the orifices and there is a positive correlation between the mass of rising bubbles and wave attenuation with constant steepness. Besides, the experimental results and the numerical results of this research were in good accordance. Therefore, it can be concluded that the present numerical method is convenient for pneumatic breakwater modelling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".