Defending Suburbia: Exploring the Use of Defensive Urban Design Outside of the City Centre
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Defensive urban design, also known as hostile, unpleasant, or exclusionary architecture is an intentional designstrategy that uses elements of the built environment to guide or restrict behaviour in urban space as a form ofcrime prevention, protection of property, or order maintenance. It often targets people who use or rely on publicspace more than others, like people who are homeless and youth, by restricting the behaviours they engage in.From benches specially designed to prevent lying down to the addition of elements that are meant to deterskateboarding, forms of defensive design vary according to the behaviour it is intended to restrict. While muchof the current research on the subject privileges the urban centre as the site of research, this paper expands thefocus from the centre to the periphery. Taking two public spaces in Toronto’s inner suburb of North York as astarting point, this paper examines how defensive urban design is used regulate, control, and maintain publicspace outside of the city centre.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".