Catch‐up growth in males affected by the Union Carbide disaster of 1984 in Bhopal, India
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Our 2001 study found that exposure of toddlers and parents in Bhopal to toxic gases in 1984 caused stunting of boys but not of girls (JAMA, 290:1856, 2003); here we report on a follow‐up study of anthropometrics in 2006. Informed consent of all subjects was obtained. Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA with the factors exposure (yes, no) and age (born before, in utero, born after), and their interaction, followed by pairwise contrasts of each exposed group with its control. There was a significantly greater increase from 2001 to 2006 in height (mean±SD in cm) of boys exposed to gases as toddlers (5.1± 5.3, n=25, p<0.05) vs controls (1.2±2.6, n=14), or born to exposed parents (15.5±7.8, n=6, p<0.01) vs controls (7.4±4.0, n=7), resulting in nearly complete catch‐up; also, body weight and mid‐arm circumference increased significantly more in exposed than in control males. There was a significant correlation in 2001 for height versus age in boys but not in girls, suggesting that the growth deficit found in exposed boys in 2001 was not present in girls because the girls attained their full height at a younger age. The mechanism underlying early stunting followed by a catch‐up growth is unclear. An important adverse effect of the Bhopal disaster was lasting pulmonary pathology. The catch‐up growth in these boys might be similar to that observed in asthmatic children. (Supported by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".