MULTI-ELEMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CROATIAN BOTTLED WATERS BY ICP-AES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water is an essential substance for all living organism and it is a source of various nutritive substances. Natural water, i.e. water that is free of the products of human activities, generally reflects the geochemistry of the environment through which it flows [1]. At the same time, water is at risk of pollution due to various human activities, such as industry or traffic. Awareness of the endangering of natural water resources as well as knowledge about leaching of some heavy metals from plumbing system (e.g. Cu, Ni, Pb) [2], resulted, among others, in the interest of people all around the world in everyday use of bottled, commercially distributed, water. Along with the production and consumption of bottled water, that are permanently increasing, an interest of the researchers in testing of the commercially distributed bottled waters has been occurring worldwide during the past several years and a survey of scientific database Web of Science reveals that scientific papers dealing with the results of various testings of bottled waters are regularly published. Bottled water can be of natural origin, or its qualitative and quantitative composition can be regulated by processing in a production plant. Therefore, metals and metalloids content of a bottled drinking water can reflect geochemistry of its origin, but can also, intentionally or unintentionally, introduced during the production process, filling of bottles, etc. Also, some elements can be leached from the material of a bottle. Thus it is well known that aluminium (Al) or lead (Pb) can be leached from glass bottle into water [3], while from PET bottles the leaching of antimony (Sb) occurs [4]. In this work, determination of ca. 20 selected chemical elements (Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, Zn) in the bottled waters of different brands was performed. For this communication, only those bottled waters which are labeled as “product of Croatia” were analyzed: 19 brands of still and sparkling water were included in the study. The samples were randomly taken from various supermarkets in the town of Zagreb, with the intention to find as much as possible various Croatian brands of bottled drinking water. Determination of almost all elements was done by direct measurement of the previously acidified (HNO 3 , supra pur , ψ = 1 %) samples of the waters by mean of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES), while calcium was measured in 100-fold diluted sample solutions. [1] Sullivan, P.J.; Agardy, F.A; Clark, J.J.J. The Environmental Science of Drinking Water, 1st edition; Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann: Burlington, USA, 2005. [2] Zietz, B.P.; Richter, K.; Las, J.; Suchenwirth, R.; Huppmann, R. Release of Metals from Different Sections of Domestic Drinking Water Installations. Water Qual. Expo. Health 2015 , 7 , 193-204. [3] Shotyk, W.; Krachler, M. Lead in Bottled Waters: Contamination from Glass and Comparison with Pristine Groundwater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007 , 41 , 3508-3513. [4] Shotyk, W.; Krachler, M.; Chen, B. Contamination of Canadian and European bottled waters with antimony from PET containers. J. Environ. Monit. 2006, 8 , 288-292.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".