Early corneal nerve fibre damage and increased Langerhans cell density in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) has been used to identify corneal nerve damage and increased Langerhans cell (LC) density in adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether corneal confocal microscopy can identify early corneal nerve damage and change in LC density in children and adolescents with T1DM. 64 participants with T1DM (age-14.6 ± 2.5 years, duration of diabetes-9.1 ± 2.7 years, HbA1c-75.66 ± 2.53 mmol/mol [9.1 ± 1.8%]) and 48 age-matched healthy control subjects underwent CCM. Sub-basal corneal nerve morphology and the density of mature and immature LCs was quantified. Corneal nerve fibre length and branch density were lower, whilst fibre density and tortuosity did not differ and both immature and mature LC density was significantly higher in T1DM compared to control subjects. There was no association between HbA1c and duration of diabetes with nerve fibre parameters or LC's density. Children and adolescents with T1DM demonstrate early immune activation and nerve degeneration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".